An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars: An Expert, In-Depth Reference to the Officers and Soldiers of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Period, 1792-1815

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An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars: An Expert, In-Depth Reference to the Officers and Soldiers of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Period, 1792-1815

An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars: An Expert, In-Depth Reference to the Officers and Soldiers of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Period, 1792-1815

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Summerfield, Stephen (2009). Prussian Infantry 1808-1840: Volume 2 Jager, Reserve, Freikorps and New Regiments. Partizan Press. ISBN 978-1-85818-584-2. Freytag-Loringhoven wrote, "The Prussian infantry at one time took the Frederician maxim of marching boldly upon the

They were immaculately dressed, drilled into unquestioning obedience, savagely punished if they fell foul of their commanders Royal Navy vessels operated on a number of parallel hierarchies in addition to formal ranks and positions, paramount of which was the vessel's watch organization. [22] Watches were stood 24 hours a day and divided into "watch sections" each of which was led by an "officer of the watch", typically a lieutenant, midshipman, or master's mate (the captain and master did not stand watch but were on call 24 hours a day) [ citation needed]In the mid-to-late 17th century a grenadier was an infantryman specialized in the throwing of grenades and also In 1812-1815 Prussian infantry battalions used closed columns instead of hollow squares against cavalry.

In 1767, the terms "dress" and "undress" uniform had been adopted and, by 1795, epaulettes were officially introduced. The epaulette style uniforms and insignia endured slight modifications and expansions until a final version appeared in 1846. In 1856, Royal Navy officer insignia shifted to the use of rank sleeve stripes – a pattern which has endured to the present day. [ citation needed] Ranks and positions [ edit ] In the 18th century Royal Navy, rank and position on board ship was defined by a mix of two hierarchies, an official hierarchy of ranks and a conventionally recognized social divide between gentlemen and non-gentlemen. [2] Royal Navy ships were led by commissioned officers of the wardroom, which consisted of the captain, his lieutenants, as well as embarked Royal Marine officers, all of whom were officers and gentlemen. The higher ranked warrant officers on board, the Sailing Master, Purser, Surgeon and Chaplain held a warrant from the Navy Board but not an actual commission from the Crown. Warrant officers had rights to mess and berth in the wardroom and were normally considered gentlemen; however, the Sailing Master was often a former sailor who had "come through the ranks" therefore might have been viewed as a social unequal. All commissioned and warrant officers wore a type of uniform, although official Navy regulations clarified an officer uniform in 1787 while it was not until 1807 that masters, along with pursers, received their own regulated uniform. [3] Summerfield, Stephen (2009). Prussian Infantry 1808-1840: Volume 1 Line and Guard 1808-1814. Partizan Press. ISBN 978-1-85818-583-5. The Prussian Jägers of the Napoleonic Wars were armed with rifles, regular or as gifts from huntsmen and foresters, andPrince of Wales's Own Royal) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons — red facings, silver lace and buttons, red and yellow sash

The Prussian infantry that joined the Allies against France in 1813 was well-organized and trained according to modern princples patterned on the French model. The regular infantry wase well trained, well clothed and well armed. They were brave soldiers. The reserve infantry was formed from various troops, and might have each battalion in different uniform, Pierer, H.A. (1857). "Russisch-Deutscher Krieg gegen Frankreich 1812-1815". Pierer's Universal-Lexikon (in German). Vol.14. p. 605, 2nd column. Line artillery [ edit ] Soldier of the train and foot artillerist of the line Foot artillery [ edit ]The king appointed the battalion, regiment, and brigade commanders; the district commissions selected the junior officers from the entire population without consideration of age, yet all selections had to bve confirmed by the Although the format may sound familiar to Osprey fans, this book is so much more than a king-sized Men-at-Arms. It is a work of art unto itself. Still as before the infantry regiment had 2 grenadier companies. (The 9. Life had four grenadier companies, while the 8. Guard

In Ancien Régime France, drummers and trumpeters wore the royal livery which consisted of a blue coat with red and white stripes. When France became a republic, musicians wore various types of uniforms to distinguish them from other soldiers depending on each colonel's imagination. The most common way to distinguish them was to reverse the colours of the uniform (if the standard uniform consisted of a green coat and yellow facings, the musician's uniform would be a yellow coat and green facings). From 1812 onwards, Napoleon introduced the Imperial livery which consisted of a green coat with yellow stripes bearing alternatively the letter "N" (for Napoleon) and the Imperial eagle. Acting lieutenants were normally senior midshipman who were granted wardroom status due to their tenure and experience, although the designation was also extended on occasion to masters and master's mates. One historical case of a master's mate appointed as an acting lieutenant was that of Fletcher Christian, appointed by William Bligh much to the derision of John Fryer, master of the Bounty. had some splendid actions. Digby-Smith writes, "The Prussian Landwehr received their baptism of fire at Lowenberg. The standard firearms of the infantry, excepring the vast quantities of foreign material used, were the old .60 Nothardt musket, re-bored From October 1813 until 1816 when a new official flag was introduced the regiments were without flags.

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Next came the ship's three "standing officers", the Carpenter, Gunner and Boatswain (Bo'sun), who along with the master were permanently assigned to a vessel for maintenance, repair, and upkeep. Standing officers were considered the most highly skilled seaman on board, and messed and berthed with the crew. As such, they held a status separate from the other officers and were not granted the privileges of a commissioned or warrant officer if they were captured. [3] The cult of the past was unshakeable, the tactics rigid, the supply train enormous, and a day's march of over 10 miles was considered excessive. Its leadership was also antiquated, except for Prince Louis Ferdinand. Fulbrook, Mary (1983). Piety and Politics: Religion and the Rise of Absolutism in England, Wurttemberg and Prussia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 223. ISBN 0-521-27633-0.



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