With time, many other designers have improved and developed the paper model, while using it as a fundamentally useful tool in aircraft design. One of the earliest known applied (as in compound structures and many other aerodynamic refinements) modern paper plane was in 1909. [ citation needed] In 1975, origami artist Michael LaFosse designed a pure origami (one sheet; no cutting, glue or staples...) flying wing, which he named the "Art Deco Wing".Though its aerodynamic form mimics some hang glider and supersonic airfoils, its invention evolved from exploring the beauty of folded paper first. Its glide ratio and stability are on a par with many of the best paper wing constructions that use glue, tape or staples. This design was first published in 1984 in the book "Wings and Things", by Stephen Weiss, St. Martin's Press.

Steve Worland, who co-wrote Paper Planes, novelised the screenplay into a best-selling book for young readers. It was published on 2 January 2015 through Puffin Books. It includes directions on how to fold a paper plane, photographs from the film, and notes about the production. Paper pilot gliders make use a curved-plate aerofoil shape for best performance. Their design, like the White Wings gliders, is very sensitive to trim, and in fact have the capacity to make indoor flights in confined spaces under average conditions.On 9 November 2013, filming had begun in Perth in Western Australia and in Tokyo with Robert Connolly directing. [4] Sam Worthington, David Wenham, Julian Dennison, and Ed Oxenbould star in the film. [5] Ongoing development of folded/origami gliders over the same period has seen similar sophistication, Owen, Thomas (September 23, 1988). "LIGHT FLIGHT". The Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 1034592633. Over the 20+ year span life of this paper airplane, the folds have changed only a little, but the fine tuning bends and tweaks keep changing as I learn more about aerodynamics, and as the plane teaches me more about aerodynamics. Its important to realize this paper airplane's mission is to stay in the air for as long as possible. It accomplishes this in two distinct phases which have many conflicting aerodynamic characteristics. The first phase is the launch phase, where I throw it vertically at 60 miles per hour, and it ascends vertically to about 60 feet. It slows to nearly a stop (sometimes it really does stop and then tail slides), then begins the second phase of slow steady gliding flight. The first phase lasts about 3 seconds, the second about 17 (on a world record throw). Here are some of the conflicting aerodynamic drivers: By comparison the wings of a four passenger airplane have a Reynolds Numbers of up to about 6,000,000. Also, remember the transition from laminar to turbulent? That happens at a Reynolds number of no less than about 10,000, so the first ½ to ¼ of the flow over a paper airplane's wing is laminar. Since the Reynolds Number is much less than for full sized airplanes, this means viscosity is much more dominant, resulting in more drag, and more difficulty in creating lift.

The design of parts of the gliders was achieved using Autodesk AutoCAD R12, then the most advanced version of this CAD software, and one of the first publicly available paper model aeroplanes designed using this technology. I have also tried a version of the world record plane which does not have a fuselage, it is a flying wing with no dihedral, but uses the wingtips canted up and out at an angle for the dihedral effect. The idea is to eliminate the "V" shape of the fuselage and use that part of the paper to maximize the wing span to reduce the sink rate. Unfortunately I have not been able to achieve good ascents, with low launch heights as a result. This modification noticeably affects the flexibility which allows good launches.Philip Rossoni (2012). Build and Pilot Your Own Walkalong Gliders. McGraw-Hill. pp.27–73. ISBN 978-0071790550.

The origin of folded paper gliders is generally considered to be of ancient China, although there is equal evidence that the refinement and development of folded gliders took place in equal measure in Japan. Certainly, manufacture of paper on a widespread scale took place in China 500 BCE, and origami and paper folding became popular within a century of this period, approximately 460–390 BCE. [ citation needed] It is impossible to ascertain where and in what form the first paper aircraft were constructed, or even the first paper plane's form. Stability means the plane, if disturbed, will return to its original state. For pitch stability it means the plane will seek a single airspeed. A plane which is unstable in pitch will either pitch up into a stall, or nose dive, but won't settle out anywhere in between. A stable airplane will tend to oscillate up and down a few times, but converge on a steady flight speed. Many typical paper airplane designs are stable, but just barely. As a plane becomes more and more stable, it wants to fly faster and faster. To counter this tendency, up elevator must be used to produce a good trim airspeed. This is why many of the classic paper airplane designs are nearly neutrally stable. Few people realize good pitch stability requires a heavy nose and some up elevator. The classic designs rely on the small inherent "up elevator" effect (positive zero lift pitching moment) resulting from the swept wing, and possibly the airfoil shape. Thus many classic paper airplanes can be flown with no elevator adjustment. Sometimes they fly well, many times they don't, and they always have poor stability. Selig, M.S. and Donovan, J.F. and Fraser, D.B., "Airfoils at Low Speeds", H.A.Stokely, publisher, 1989 Paper Planes was released in theaters throughout Australia on 15 January 2015, and on DVD and Blu-ray on 24 June 2015 by Roadshow Entertainment. A paper plane (also known as a paper airplane or a paper dart in American English or paper aeroplane in British English) is a toy aircraft, usually a glider made out of single folded sheet of paper or paperboard. A simple nose-heavy paper plane, thrown like a dart. [1] History [ edit ]Paper aircraft are a class of model plane, and so do not experience aerodynamic forces differently from other types of flying model. However, their construction material produces a number of dissimilar effects on flight performance in comparison with aircraft built from different materials.

This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. ( July 2023) Fold the top corners in so they meet at the middle. There should be a small triangle tail hanging out beneath these folds. Improvement in performance is possible through modelling three-dimensional fuselages which encourage laminar flow, and in internally braced wings which can then have high-lift aerofoil profiles, such as the Clark Y or NACA 4 or 6 series, for high lift. Compared to balsa wood — another material commonly used to fabricate model planes — paper's density is higher; consequentially, conventional origami paper gliders (see above) suffer from higher drag, as well as imperfectly aerodynamic wing chords.

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The tail of a real plane usually also has a vertical tail. The vertical tail acts like the fins of an arrow to keep the nose of the plane pointed in the direction its headed, this is called positive directional stability. The Fuselage (center body of a plane, on paper airplanes its the part you hold for throwing) acts like the vertical stabilizer of real airplanes. Sometimes bending the wingtips up on paper airplanes also helps to add directional stability. The combination of the fuselage and wingtips on paper airplanes allows them to have positive directional stability without a vertical tail. Paper Airplane: The World's Best Paper Airplane is the Paperang". Paperang.com. 2008-06-04 . Retrieved 2009-06-22. Paper is a lousy building material. There is a reason why real airplanes are not made of paper. Although high aspect ratio wings reduce drag, they also require better building materials. The low strength of paper does not allow the use of high aspect ratio wings.