British Library. "Portrait of the Moroccan Ambassador to Queen Elizabeth I". www.bl.uk . Retrieved 20 June 2023. Penry Williams, The Later Tudors: England, 1547–1603 (New Oxford History of England, 1998), chapters 6, 10, 11, 12. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII (21 vols, 1862–1932) most volumes are online here Fritze, Ronald H. (ed.), Historical Dictionary of Tudor England, 1485–1603 (1991), 818pp; 300 short essays by experts emphasis on politics, religion, and historiography. excerpt The Tudor period in London started with the beginning of the reign of Henry VII in 1485 and ended in 1603 with the death of Elizabeth I. During this period, the population of the city grew enormously, from about 50,000 at the end of the 15th century [1] to an estimated 200,000 by 1603, over 13 times that of the next-largest city in England, Norwich. [2] The city also expanded to take up more physical space, further exceeding the bounds of its old medieval walls to reach as far west as St. Giles by the end of the period. [3] In 1598, the historian John Stow called it "the fairest, largest, richest and best inhabited city in the world". [4] Topography [ edit ]

Due to the large number of schools, Londoners were more likely to be literate than people in the rest of the country. About 75% of adult men and 25% of adult women were literate by the end of the period. [139] Culture [ edit ] Literature [ edit ]

Find out about the different activities that took place in the fields outside Tudor London

Henry Tudor had, however, something that the others did not. He had an army which defeated the last Yorkist king, Richard III, in the field of battle and the support of powerful nobles to take the crown by right of conquest. Richard III's accession to the throne had proved controversial, even among the Yorkists. In 1563 Queen Elizabeth gave the Norman castle of Kenilworth to her favourite male friend, Robert Dudley. Dudley decided to transform the Norman castle and build a whole new castle next to the old one for when Queen Elizabeth came to visit! David Loades, "The Reign of Mary Tudor: Historiography and Research", Albion 21.4 (1989): 547–58. online

In 1579, Elizabeth was on the royal barge at Greenwich when a bullet hit her helmsman. She gave him her scarf and told him to be glad, as he stopped a bullet meant for her. A man called Thomas Appletree confessed to the crime, saying that he had been showing off to some friends by firing randomly and hadn't meant to hit the royal barge. He was sentenced to be hanged close to the scene of his crime, and was given a royal reprieve at the last moment. [124] a b Mortimer, Ian (2012). The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England. London: The Bodley Head. pp.15–16. ISBN 978-1-84792-114-7. In the reign of Mary I, 78 were burned in London alone. [127] After her reign, John Foxe collected stories of Protestant martyrs in his Acts and Monuments, published in Aldersgate. [130] Under Elizabeth I, Catholics were less likely to be burned for heresy, but more likely to be executed for treason. From 1584, anyone who became a Catholic priest after Elizabeth's accession was declared guilty of treason. [125] Instead, those burned for heresy were more likely to be from radical Protestant sects such as Anabaptism. In 1575, two Dutch Anabaptists from Aldgate are burned at the stake. [54] Courts [ edit ] One of the main concerns of Henry VII during his reign was the re-accumulation of the funds in the royal treasury. England had never been one of the wealthier European countries, and after the Wars of the Roses this was even more true. Through his strict monetary strategy, he was able to leave a considerable amount of money in the Treasury for his son and successor, Henry VIII. Although it is debated whether Henry VII was a great king, he certainly was a successful one if only because he restored the nation's finances, strengthened the judicial system and successfully denied all other claimants to the throne, thus further securing it for his heir. [13] Henry VIII [ edit ] Catherine of Aragon: the Church of England annulled her marriage after she failed to produce a male heir to the Tudor dynasty

5. Mary Arden’s Farm

Robert Tittler; Norman Jones (2008). A Companion to Tudor Britain. John Wiley & Sons. p.187. ISBN 978-1405137409. Thomas More attributed crime to "unlawful games" such as "dice, cards, tables, tennis, bowls, quoits", and these games were banned at various points throughout the period. In 1528, Thomas Wolsey authorised men to search people's homes and prosecute those found in possession of "dice, cards, bowls, closhes [ nine-pin bowling skittles], tennis balls". [114] However, Henry VII and Henry VIII were both tennis-players, and a tennis court was available at All-Hallows-the-Less from 1542. [151] Portrait of Jane Seymour by Hans Holbein the Younger, c.1536–1537 Art [ edit ] Thomas S. Freeman, "'Restoration and Reaction: Reinterpreting the Marian Church'." Journal of Ecclesiastical History (2017). online The Tudors descended from King Edward III on Henry VII's mother's side from John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, one of the illegitimate children of the 14th century English prince John of Gaunt, the third surviving son of Edward III. Beaufort's mother was Gaunt's long-term mistress, Katherine Swynford.

The five sovereigns (six if Lady Jane Grey is included) of the Tudor dynasty are among the most well-known figures in Royal history. Of Welsh origin, Henry VII succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York to found the highly successful Tudor house. Henry VII, his son Henry VIII and his three children Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I ruled for 118 eventful years. Further information: Henry VIII of England and Anglo-Scottish Wars King Henry VIII aged 21, on his way to open Parliament on 4 February 1512Elizabeth's final two decades saw mounting problems that were left for the Stuarts to solve after 1603. John Cramsie, in reviewing the recent scholarship in 2003, argues: Religious persecution occurred under every monarch in this period. Between 1485 and 1553, 102 heretics were burned at the stake around the country, many at Smithfield, the usual London location for burnings. [127] Prior, Roger. "A second Jewish community in Tudor London". Jewish Historical Studies. Jewish Historical Society of England. 31, 1988–1990: 137–152. JSTOR 29779868. Willis, Deborah. Malevolent nurture: Witch-hunting and maternal power in early modern England (Cornell University Press, 1995).

Several Londoners opposed Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn, including the prophetess Elizabeth Barton. She predicted that Henry would die within six months of his marriage to Anne, and although her prophecy did not come true, she was executed at Tyburn in 1534 and her head put on a spike at London Bridge. [22] In 1536, Anne herself was imprisoned in the Tower on suspicion of being unfaithful in her marriage. She was beheaded in the grounds of the Tower of London in 1536. [73] Henry's fifth wife, Catherine Howard, was also beheaded for adultery in 1541. [30] N. A. M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660–1649 (1997), pp. 184, 221 236–37. Professor Sara Nair James says that between 1515 and 1529, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, "would be the most powerful man in England except, possibly, for the king." [19] Historian John Guy explains Wolsey's methods: Maps of Early Britain Roman Britain Anglo-Saxon Migration Saxon, Dane, Norman Kingdoms Plantagenet England Tudor/Stuart England Scotland Norman/Plantagenet Battles Tudor/Stuart Battles Maps of Roman Britain Physical Map of the British Isles Haigh, Christopher. "The recent historiography of the English Reformation." Historical Journal 25.4 (1982): 995–1007.

saw the execution of Anthony Babington for his part in a plot to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots. He and thirteen co-conspirators were executed near Holborn, possibly at Lincoln's Inn Fields. [109] After the first seven were disembowelled still alive, the crowd was so disgusted that the remainder were permitted to die by hanging before being disembowelled. [111] Another person executed for treason, albeit on much scantier evidence, was the Portuguese-Jewish royal physician, Roderigo Lopes, who was hanged in 1594. [125] In 1602, one judge declared that there were 30,000 "idle persons and masterless men" (i.e., vagrants) living in London. [58] The Thames [ edit ] The Henry Grace a Dieu, built in 1514, as depicted in the Anthony Roll Wernham, Richard Bruce. Before the Armada: the growth of English foreign policy, 1485–1588 (1966); a standard history of foreign policy