Mate is a drink popular in many parts of South America. Its preparation consists of filling a gourd with the leaves of the South American holly yerba mate, pouring hot but not boiling water over the leaves, and drinking with a straw, the bombilla, which acts as a filter so as to draw only the liquid and not the yerba leaves. [234]

In fact, evidence shows a 16–18% lower risk of heart disease in men and women who drink between 1–4 cups of coffee daily (providing approximately 100–400 mg of caffeine) ( 29). These results suggest that it’s important to pay attention to both the amount and timing of caffeine to optimize your sleep. Summary Bordeaux B. Benefits and risks of caffeine and caffeinated beverages. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 16, 2022. Some people use caffeine-containing beverages such as coffee or tea to try to treat their asthma. [45] Evidence to support this practice is poor. [45] It appears that caffeine in low doses improves airway function in people with asthma, increasing forced expiratory volume (FEV1) by 5% to 18% for up to four hours. [46] It may also lead to altered heartbeat rhythm, called atrial fibrillation, which has been reported in young people who consumed energy drinks containing extremely high doses of caffeine ( 39).

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What about coffee’s other long-term benefits? There is some evidence that its mood-elevating effects can be beneficial over the long term. In a 2016 meta-analysis of observational studies, caffeine consumption was found to decrease the risk of depression, while a Finnish study from 2010 found a similar result with coffee. In the Finnish study, the connection was weaker when other caffeinated drinks were consumed – suggesting that there is something in coffee specifically that can affect mood. One theory is that it’s the antioxidants, as these tend to correlate with reduced stress overall. As of 2011, a "Special Moments" range was released, initially as the "New Ones." These teas were made by pressing the leaves at different stages. In 2014, Unilever introduced a new range of fruit, herbal, and green teas under the PG Tips brand.

Caffeine is used for both prevention [34] and treatment [35] of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. It may improve weight gain during therapy [36] and reduce the incidence of cerebral palsy as well as reduce language and cognitive delay. [37] [38] On the other hand, subtle long-term side effects are possible. [39] The biosynthesis of caffeine is an example of convergent evolution among different species. [202] [203] [204] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sourcesin this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2022) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Importantly, the amount of caffeine you can consume without affecting your sleep will depend on your genetics and other factors.

By contrast, low or moderate amounts of caffeine don’t seem to affect sleep very much in people considered “good sleepers,” or even those with self-reported insomnia ( 15). Try to get a good amount of quality sleep after giving up caffeine to counter fatigue that you may experience," she says. "Boosting your energy levels naturally can also make the process easier. You could do this by exercising more frequently, eating nutrient-dense foods and making stress-reduction techniques part of your daily life."

Caffeine, like other xanthines, also acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. [173] As a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, [174] caffeine raises intracellular cyclic AMP, activates protein kinase A, inhibits TNF-alpha [175] [176] and leukotriene [177] synthesis, and reduces inflammation and innate immunity. [177] Caffeine also affects the cholinergic system where it is a moderate inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. [178] [179] Pharmacokinetics Caffeine is metabolized in the liver via a single demethylation, resulting in three primary metabolites, paraxanthine (84%), theobromine (12%), and theophylline (4%), depending on which methyl group is removed. Urinary metabolites of caffeine in humans at 48 hours post-dose [180]Theophylline (4%): Relaxes smooth muscles of the bronchi, and is used to treat asthma. The therapeutic dose of theophylline, however, is many times greater than the levels attained from caffeine metabolism. [46] Welsh EJ, Bara A, Barley E, Cates CJ. Caffeine for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010(1):CD001112. Harpaz E, Tamir S, Weinstein A, Weinstein Y. The effect of caffeine on energy balance. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology. 2017 Jan 1;28(1):1-0.